Ethics Policy
As a leading publisher of high-quality scholarly books and journals in Nigeria, the Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and to support internationally recognized standards for research ethics and integrity.
It is the shared responsibility of authors, editors, and peer reviewers to ensure that scholarly publications present original, reliable, and accurate research of high quality while adhering to publication and research ethics standards.
Authorship
All publications must have a clear and accurate attribution of authorship. It is important to give credit to those who have significantly contributed to the published work, and who carry responsibility and accountability for its contents.
It is the shared responsibility of the authors to ensure that all listed authors have made sufficiently substantial contributions to the work, and that the author list order accurately reflects individual contributions. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to ensure that all authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript before publication.
Changes in Authorship
Adding and/or removing authors, and/or changes in corresponding author, and/or changes in the order of co-authors are generally not permitted, but in cases with a valid reason, it may be allowed. Please note that changes in authorship are only permissible during the review process and changes are allowed after the manuscript has been accepted.
Post-publication Corrections and Retraction
Corrections
Issuing a correction will be considered if major errors or omissions are discovered after publication that may affect the interpretation of the work, but where the scholarly integrity and originally reported results remain intact.
Retractions
Issuing a retraction will be considered if the reported results are later found to be invalid or unreliable. Retraction serves the purpose of informing readers that the article contains profoundly flawed or erroneous content or data to the extent that the findings and conclusions can’t be trusted, while maintaining the transparency of the scholarly record.
Withdrawals
Withdrawal means that the original publication is removed in its entirety from our platform. This is detrimental to the integrity of the scholarly record and should be avoided.
Expressions of concern
Issuing an expression of concern may be considered if serious and legitimate concerns have been raised that readers should be made aware of, but where the outcome of an investigation is inconclusive, there is strong reason to doubt the reliability of an investigation, or the appropriate institutions are unwilling to investigate. In rare circumstances, it may also be necessary to consider an expression of concern if an investigation is underway but is expected to take considerable time to reach a conclusion.